Many devout natural philosophers in early modern Europe insisted upon a rhetoric of keeping science and religion separate, and yet these same philosophers failed to do this in practice and often put their theological assumptions to work in making claims about nature, or they put their ‘scientific’ ideas to work in developing their theological positions. Newton’s theology, for example, informed his concept of absolute space; while Thomas Hobbes’s commitment to materialism forced him to develop an extremely heterodox theology. This symposium will consider a number of such cases with a view to enhancing our understanding of the relations between science and religion in the early modern period. One major case study, being developed jointly by the organisers, will show how the theological concept of ‘experimental knowledge’ was appropriated in England by natural philosophers and put to work in developing a new method for discovering natural knowledge.