For the past decade, attention has been paid to the relationship among anthropology, medicine, eugenics, nationalism and the in central and eastern Europe during the first four decades of the 20th century. However, the questions whether and how this interconnected set of ideas (and ideals) was presented to the public seems to be rather unexplored. This paper will introduce some ways in which anthropological, medical and eugenic knowledge was transmitted to the Czechoslovak public between 1918 and 1939. The scientific knowledge of the human species was not only used to underpin Czechoslovak nationalism, but also, based on the personal level of professionals involved in these efforts, served as an public expression of the international political orientation of the Czechoslovak state. Both of those tendencies found a clear expression in the design and exhibits of the Hrdlička Museum of Man of the Charles University in Prague, which was for the first time open to the public in 1937. The museum was financially supported and its concept developed by Aleš Hrdlička (1869-1943), a prominent U.S. physical anthropologist with Czech origins and with strong sentiments for his fatherland. The displays of the museum were practically created by Czech anthropologist and Charles University high official Jindřich Matiegka (1862-1941). Hrdlička furnished Czech anthropologists with rare anthropological material from the Americas, became a popular figure for the Czech public and starting as early as 1912, he also funded with moderate (and in time increasing) sums projects dealing with Czech (Slavic) anthropology, archaeology and history. The opening of the museum can be understood as the culmination of the Hrdlička-Matiegka cooperation, which also had a strong political aspect. E.g., it was Hrdlicka who helped to set the ethnic and national borders for the new state of Czechoslovakia in 1918, being personally very close to T.G. Masaryk, the first Czechoslovak president, during his exile in the U.S. . Hrdlička and Matiegka created a mixture of anthropological, archaeological, demographical and ethnographical displays, which were linked with the common idea of Czechoslovak (Slavic) racial, cultural and national superiority. Next to the presentation of other ways of the transmission of anthropological knowledge to the public (journals, books, newspapers etc.), the paper attempts to reconstruct the design and contents of the museum’s displays between 1937-1939.