Scholars and activists have noted the militarized language used to promote population control in “developing” countries during the 1960s and 1970s. Much of this research demonstrates how women’s bodies served as targets of a war on population growth, such that their health and well-being became “collateral damage” in the struggle to reduce growth rates. This paper investigates the militarized rhetoric surrounding IUD programs in India to tease out another strand of discourse: the regulation of women’s productive and reproductive labor to render them useful soldiers (not just targets) in a war effort. Whereas American interventions in Indian population control seemed to focus on women as targets, Indian medical discourses bore the simultaneous burden of rendering women fit subjects of the postcolonial nation by re-purposing their reproductive and productive labors. In other words, their reproduction was regulated to make them suitable subjects/workers within successive 5-year plans for economic development. I hope in the paper to examine the tensions between these various forms of regulation: women as targets vs. women as laborers; productive labor vs. reproductive labor; women as Indian national subjects vs. women as “third world” populations. I believe medical discourses were central to these efforts, and will be the focus of my attention.