This article investigates the domestic and international factors that played a center role in shaping the politics of population and reproduction in postwar Taiwan. During the 1960s and 1980s, East Asian countries experienced dramatic reduction of fertility—a phenomenon that a Lancet article called “Reproductive Revolution in Asia.” The fertility rates of Taiwan had dropped from 6 to replacement level with three decades. Instead of explaining such a demographic transition to modernization and successful population policies, like population scientists suggested, this paper focuses on how the complex interactions among state agencies, women's organizations, and U.S. influence that made mass fertility control thinkable, desirable, and feasible. In this historical process, the autocratic nature of the Kuomintang (KMT) regime conditioned these actors’ choices and activities. It also suggests that population and reproduction as a site to study the encounter of U.S. hegemonic influence and local realities during the Cold War years. This paper aims to enrich the global studies of reproduction and population control by highlighting the East Asian context.